World affairs are constantly in flux, so students need to be prepared not just to know what's happening in the headlines but how to make sense of those events. Hastedt's American Foreign Policy helps students develop the critical thinking skills needed to participate in debates about foreign relations-today and throughout their lives. Rather than focus on normative questions about what direction the country should take on the world stage, this text is designed to provide the historical and institutional context for the foreign policy process, from the governmental and civil society actors involved to the issues that comprise the conduct and content of American foreign policy. This thirteenth edition comes at a time when Biden's presidency is facing some of the most important foreign policy questions in a generation, from the U.S.-withdrawal from Afghanistan to what we should do about the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These issues have emerged as many of the traditional foundations in American foreign policy have been disrupted during the Trump administration, pleasing some and angering others but almost uniformly raising political tensions at home and abroad. The revision includes up-to-date coverage of the war in Ukraine, the U.S. exit from Afghanistan, health diplomacy and the response to COVID, the resurgence of great power politics, and other features of the Biden administration's foreign policy. Features: NEW! Learning Objectives frame the expected student outcomes for each chapter Updated On the Agenda features open each chapter to set the stage and tie a current policy issue into the chapter content. (formerly called "Dateline") Updated Historical Lesson boxes provide context from the past to help understand today's policy challenges, including "Applying the Lessons" critical thinking questions Updated Over the Horizon chapter-ending features present a speculative view to the future to spur student thinking about how American foreign policy might evolve Expanded Critical Thinking Questions at the end of each chapter engage students in higher order thinking beyond rote memorization Key Terms lists at the end of each chapter are a useful study aid for students Expanded art program includes additional tables to help engage diverse learning styles
Glenn P. Hastedt is professor emeritus at James Madison University where he was chair of the Justice Studies Department and prior to that chair of the Political Science Department. He is co-author of Introduction to International Politics: Global Challenges and Policy Responses. He has been teaching American foreign policy and international relations for over thirty years.
Preface 1. DEFINING AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY PROBLEMS On the Agenda: Leaving Afghanistan Thinking about Foreign Policy Problems Choices What Do Americans Want in Foreign Policy? The National Interest Costs Building Consensus Selecting a Policy Instrument Hard Power and Soft Power Unilateral or Multilateral Action Historical Lesson: Into Afghanistan Presidential Foreign Policy Doctrines The Truman Doctrine The Nixon Doctrine The Carter Doctrine The Reagan Doctrine The Bush Doctrine In Search of the Trump Doctrine Is There a Trump Foreign Policy Legacy? Assessing Foreign Policy Results Intellectual Coherence The Dominance of Domestic Politics Consistency of Application Over the Horizon: The Future of Grand Strategy 2. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT On the Agenda: The Ukraine War Thinking about the World Realism Neoliberalism Constructivism International System: Structural Constants Decentralization Self-Help System A Stratified System International System: Evolutionary Trends Diffusion of Power Issue Proliferation Actor Proliferation Historical Lesson: NATO Regional Diversity Dominant Features Today Terrorism Globalization American Hegemony America and the World: Attitudes and Perceptions Over the Horizon: 2040 3. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STYLE On the Agenda: The Mexican Border The Importance of Ideas Isolationism versus Internationalism Historical Sources of the American National Style Patterns Unilateralism Moral Pragmatism Legalism Consequences of the American National Style Historical Lesson: The Bracero Program Voices from the Past Over the Horizon: A Millennial Foreign Policy? 4. LEARNING FROM THE PAST On the Agenda: Covid-19 How Do Policy Makers Learn from the Past? Events From Which Policy Makers Learn Types of Calculations Made Lessons Learned Historical Lesson: Ebola Case Studies The Vietnam War The Iraq War Over the Horizon: Searching for Lessons from Afghanistan 5. SOCIETY On the Agenda: Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft Public Awareness of Foreign Policy Issues Public Opinion Trends and Content Public Opinion and the Use of Force Impact of Public Opinion Elections Voting and Foreign Policy Impact of Elections Interest Groups Historical Lesson: America First Committee, 1940 Types of Interest Groups Impact of Interest Groups Political Protest The Media and American Foreign Policy Newspapers and Television The New Media and American Foreign Policy Shaping the Public's View States and Cities: The New Foreign Policy Battleground Policy Makers' Responses Over the Horizon: An Intelligence-Industrial Complex? 6. CONGRESS On the Agenda: Aid for Ukraine Constitutional Powers Treaty-Making Power Appointment Powers War Powers Historical Lesson: War Powers Act Commerce Powers Congressional Structure and Foreign Policy Blunt Foreign Policy Tools The Absence of a Single Voice Policy Entrepreneurship Staff Aides Influence of Party and Region Outsourcing Foreign Policy Congress and the President: The Changing Relationship Over the Horizon: A New War Powers Act? 7. PRESIDENCY On the Agenda: Biden's First 100 Days Historical Lesson: John F. Kennedy's First 100 Days Weak President or Strong President Presidential Power and Supreme Court Decisions The President and the Foreign Affairs Constitution Executive Agreements Signing Statements Executive Orders, Spending, and Administrative Powers Informal Ambassadors Undeclared Wars When Does the President Matter? Presidential Personality Presidential Managerial Style The National Security Council Other White House Voices The Vice President The U.S. Trade Representative The White House Chief of Staff The First Lady Over the Horizon: Improving Presidential Transitions 8. BUREAUCRACY On the Agenda: Fixing the State Department Presidents and the Bureaucracy The State Department Structure and Growth of the State Department The State Department's Value System Impact of the State Department on Foreign Policy The Department of Defense Structure and Growth of the Department of Defense Historical Lesson: Integrating the Military The Value System of the Department of Defense Impact of the Defense Department on Foreign Policy The CIA and the Intelligence Community Structure and Growth of the CIA and the Intelligence Community The Intelligence Community's Value System Impact of the CIA and the Intelligence Community on Foreign Policy The Domestic Bureaucracies Treasury, Commerce, and Agriculture Homeland Security Policy Makers' Response to Bureaucracy Over the Horizon: U.S. Space Command 9. POLICY-MAKING MODELS On the Agenda: Ukraine War Decision Making Foreign Policy Decisions and Models The Rational Actor Model The Bureaucratic Politics Model The Small-Group Decision-Making Model Elite Theory and Pluralism Historical Lesson: The War to End All Wars Integrating Models The Cuban Missile Crisis The Crisis: An Overview Applying the Rational Actor Model to the Crisis Applying the Bureaucratic Politics Model to the Crisis Applying the Small-Group Decision-Making Model to the Crisis Models: A Policy Maker Critique Over the Horizon: Individual-Centered Models 10. DIPLOMACY On the Agenda: The Paris Agreement Diplomacy: Choices and Dilemmas The Diplomatic Tool Kit Bilateralism versus Multilateralism Process versus Product Incentives versus Sanctions Bilateral Diplomacy: Allies, Friends, Adversaries Shuttle Diplomacy Summit Diplomacy Economic Summits East-West Superpower Summits Conference Diplomacy The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Historical Lesson: The Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord Environmental Conferences Human Rights Conferences Global Heath Conferences UN Diplomacy Public Diplomacy and Digital Diplomacy The Political Use of Force Coercive Diplomacy Nuclear Diplomacy Arms Transfers Over the Horizon: Coalitions of the Willing 11. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS On the Agenda: United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) Economic Statecraft Inventory of Options Strategic Outlooks Free Trade Strategic Trade Monetary Strategies Varieties of Trade Agreements Bilateral Trade Agreements Regional Trade Agreements Global Trade Agreements The China Trade War Economic Sanctions Using Sanctions Sanctions in Action: Iran, Cuba, Russia Foreign Aid Types of Foreign Aid Cold War Foreign Aid Post-Cold War Foreign Aid Historical Lesson: NAFTA Post-9/11 Foreign Aid Contemporary Foreign Aid Over the Horizon: How Trade Wars End 12. MILITARY INSTRUMENTS: BIG WARS On the Agenda: North Korean Denuclearization Cold War Nuclear Thinking The U.S. Cold War Strategic Arsenal U.S. Cold War Nuclear Strategy Historical Lesson: The Baruch Plan Post-Cold War Nuclear Thinking The U.S. Post-Cold War Strategic Nuclear Arsenal U.S. Post-Cold War Nuclear Strategy: Content Bridging the Nuclear-Conventional Divide Deterrence Preemption Using Large-Scale Conventional Military Force Reducing the Danger of War: Arms Control and Disarmament The Cold War Record The Post-Cold War Record Defense The Strategic Defense Initiative National Missile Defense Systems Over the Horizon: A New Age of Nuclear Proliferation 13. MILITARY INSTRUMENTS: SMALL WARS On the Agenda: Cyber Warfare Separating Big Wars from Small Wars Exiting Small Wars Types of Small Wars Hybrid Warfare Counterinsurgency Counterterrorism The Return of Small Wars? Small Wars by Other Means Cold War Covert Action Post-Cold War Covert Action The Covert War against Osama bin Laden Cyber Warfare Small Wars for Peace Humanitarian/Peacekeeping Operations Historical Lesson: The Path to Mogadishu Stability Operations Conventional, Cyberspace, and WMD Arms Control Chemical and Biological Weapons Recovering Loose WMD Material Cyberspace Conventional Weapons Counterproliferation Over the Horizon: Drone Wars 14. ALTERNATIVE FUTURES On the Agenda: The South China Sea Foreign Policy Visions The United States as an Ordinary State Reformed America Pragmatic America American Crusader America the Balancer Disengaged America Historical Lesson: The First Asian Pivot: Commodore Perry's Opening of Japan Over the Horizon: A New Cold War? Glossary Notes About the Author Index
