This book explores the causes of prosecutorial independence and effectiveness against systemic corruption through an examination of the conditions leading to the Italian "Clean Hands" operation's unprecedented success. In 1992, Italian prosecutors uncovered a decades-long corruption system cutting across regions and levels of government. The Clean Hands operation resulted in hundreds of convictions and permanently changed the Italian political landscape. This judicial breakthrough derived from a gradual and conflictual process to replace hierarchical prosecutorial institutions with more egalitarian ones. The author shows via case studies of the prosecutors' offices in Milan, Rome, Palermo, and Reggio Calabria that the introduction of egalitarian decision-making afforded local prosecutors with enhanced independence in exploring novel investigative techniques and legal theories. The introduction of egalitarian organizational structures created ideal conditions for the emergence of legal innovations and their diffusion via judicial and prosecutorial networks. This process resulted in the unprecedented accumulation of prosecutorial expertise on complex criminal issues, such as domestic terrorism and mafia organizations, and led to the emergence of an effective prosecutorial approach to systemic corruption. Thus, the Italian case offers important lessons that may apply to the prosecution of systemic corruption in other democracies as well.
Lucia Manzi is assistant professor of political science at SUNY Plattsburgh.
Introduction: The Long Failure of Corruption Prosecutions and the Mani Pulite Operation's Breakthrough Chapter 1: From Hierarchical to Egalitarian: The Root Causes of Prosecutorial Independence and Effectiveness Against Systemic Corruption Chapter 2: A More Democratic Judiciary: The Transformation of Italian Judicial and Prosecutorial Institutions Chapter 3: All Investigations Lead to Rome: The Roman Prosecutor's Office Chapter 4: A New Model of Criminal Justice: The Milan Prosecutor's Office Chapter 5: Tackling Omerta: The Prosecutors' Offices in Palermo and Reggio Calabria Conclusion: Lessons for Prosecutorial Success Against Corruption
In this extraordinary book on Italy's Mani Pulite, Manzi breaks new ground in the study of anti-corruption and judicial power. She tells a fascinating story of how institutional change, judicial and prosecutorial dexterity, and civil society mobilization converged to produce an unprecedented pro-transparency push, one with profound local, regional, and global implications. Through a clever combination of historical analysis, within case comparisons and creative fieldwork, Manzi shows that the internal design of judicial and prosecutorial bureaucracies, in particular the degree to which they are hierarchical or "flat," greatly conditions the ability of actors in the criminal legal complex to hold politicians to account. She also shows that via synergies with activists and legal scholars, judges and prosecutors can produce innovative investigative protocols and jurisprudence, thus amplifying the effects of institutional change. This book is a must read for students of judicial politics and corruption criminalization. -- Ezequiel Gonzalez-Ocantos, University of Oxford
