What explains racial and gender inequality in the workplace? Using firm-level data from railroad, airline, and cruise ship companies, the central questions addressed in this book are- why and how did race-gender hierarchies get created, maintained, legitimized, and challenged on trains, airplanes, and cruise ships? The author focuses on employers' role in producing inequality among workers by examining management's actions and their own expressed race-gender ideology regarding service workers in Pullman Railroad Company (1860s to 1960s), the four major U.S. airlines (1930s to 1970s), and U.S.-owned cruise companies (1970s to 2000s). In addition to being driven by the profit motive, these men made hiring decisions that reflected their own stated beliefs about race, gender, and nationality. In all three instances, company executives consciously decided to create a work environment that was hierarchically segregated along race and gender lines. Once employers decided to typecast a new job as "best-suited" for one group of people, they inscribed workers' social identities on the performance of these jobs. Notably, White men were the only group never deemed best-suited for serving others.
Francisca E. Oyogoa is associate professor of sociology and African American studies at Bard College at Simon's Rock.
Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments Chapter 1: The World They Created Chapter 2: The Origins of Service Workers in the Pullman Railroad Company, 1858-1880s Chapter 3: Pullman Executives' Public and Private Racial Discourse, 1890s-1950s Chapter 4: White Femininity Takes Flight, 1910s to 1970s Chapter 5: Going Global: Service Work, Race-Gender-Nationality on Cruise Ships Chapter 6: Conclusion: Some Things Change, Others Stay the Same References
In this important book, Francisca Oyogoa marshals evidence from Pullman porters spanning the 19th and early 20th century, flight attendants over the 20th century, and cruise ship workers in the 21st century, to examine how employers consistently use race. ethnicity, and gender to reproduce inequality in the labor market. As she shows, employers shift strategies in how they create and sustain hierarchies among workers, but their underlying assumptions remain surprisingly consistent. With remarkable theoretical breadth and superb historical data, Oyogoa brings the reader into these worlds, and makes clear how embedded racial, gender, and ethnic inequalities are in workplaces. -- Joya Misra, University of Massachusetts
