The author explores the recovery of Socratic philosophy in the political thought of G.W.F. Hegel, Soren Kierkegaard, John Stuart Mill, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Ward identifies the cause of the renewed interest in Socrates in Hegel's call for the absorption of the individual within the modern, liberal state and the concomitant claim that Socratic skepticism should cease because history has reached its end and perfection. Recoiling from Hegel's attempt to chain the individual within the "cave," nineteenth century thinkers push back against his deification of the state. Yet, underlying Kierkegaard, Mill and Nietzsche's turn to Socrates is their acceptance of Hegel's critique of the liberal conception of the rights-bearing individual. Like Hegel, they agree that such an individual is an unworthy competitor to the state. In search of a noble individual to hold up against the state and counter the belief in the "end" of history, Kierkegaard, Mill and Nietzsche bring back and transform Socrates in significant ways. For Kierkegaard the Socratic philosopher in modern times is the person of faith, for Mill the public intellectual whose idiosyncratic identity arises from the freedom of speech, and for Nietzsche the Dionysian artist. Each model the beauty of individuality in our democratic age.
Ann Ward is professor of political science at Baylor University.
Introduction: The Recovery of Socrates in Nineteenth Century Political Thought Chapter One: Socrates, Democracy, and the end of history: The Socratic Turn in Hegel's Philosophy of History Chapter Two: Abraham and Socrates: Love and History in Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling Chapter Three: Socrates and the god: Kierkegaard's Concept of Irony and Philosophical Fragments Chapter Four: Socrates and the search for Individuality: Freedom of Speech and Lifestyle in Mill's On Liberty Chapter Five: Socrates and Dionysus: Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy Chapter Six: Socrates, Democracy, and the end of man: Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil Conclusion: The Socratic Soul in a Democratic Age
Despite its announced focus on the "revival" of Socrates across 19th-century philosophy, this book is really about Kierkegaard, whose views on rationality and faith Ward (political science, Baylor Univ.) examines with skill. Socrates's questioning stands in relation to Abraham for Kierkegaard; knowing what he does not know "empties" Socrates and turns him away from reason and moral absolutes. Socrates lives questioning, as Abraham abandons moral argument in favor of his silent, living faith that God will restore Isaac. Neither man knows, yet both proceed with embodied passion. Ward explicates Kierkegaard in contrast to Hegel, Mill, and Nietzsche. For Hegel, Socrates plays a lesser role, since he lacked the modern liberal state required for ultimate fruition of rationality. Mill sees Socratic questions as crucial to individual diversity in the face of Christian homogenization. Nietzsche similarly suspects Christianity, but he finds in Socrates's physicality an example of the Dionysian dimension of life he wants to exalt. . . Summing Up: Recommended. Lower- and upper-division undergraduates; graduate students. * Choice * "This is a brilliant study of how Nietzsche, Hegel, Kierkegaard and others responded to Socrates. As it unfolds multiple Socratic impacts, nineteenth century political thought emerges in new detail. The scholarship is impeccable and the arguments, groundbreaking." -- Edward Mooney, Syracuse University "In the nineteenth century, the collapse of the Hegelian system raised the question of the viability of the rational philosophical life. A number of major thinkers returned to the origins of Western philosophy - in Socrates - to address this question. The Socratic Individual provides an excellent examination of the role of Socrates in Kierkegaard, Mill, and Nietzsche. As Ward ably demonstrates, the rationalist Socrates is displaced by these figures, instead the erotic, the passionate, even the poetic Socrates comes to the fore, revealing other varieties of the philosophical life." -- Jeffrey Church, University of Houston "By examining the different ways that nineteenth-century political philosophers reformulate and celebrate the figure of Socrates, Ann Ward's excellent book provides us with valuable, new insights into the late Enlightenment's deepest concerns and aspirations. Drawing on a broad knowledge of ancient and modern political theory, Ward has given us a very readable, erudite, and instructive reflection on how modernity understands and shapes the life of reason." -- Mark Lutz, University of Nevada - Las Vegas
