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Bees, Wasps, and Weasels

Zoomorphic Slurs and the Delegitimation of Deborah and Huldah in the Bab
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This study explores the zoomorphic content of Zibburta (bee/wasp) and Karkusta (weasel)-demeaning names given by R. Nahman of b. Meg 14b to Deborah and Huldah, two distinguished prophets of the Hebrew Bible. Looking closely at relevant texts, Blazenka Scheuer explores ancient beliefs about bees, wasps, and weasels, recounting a variety of key literary and visual motifs that highlight the different attributes of these animals. Scheuer's study demonstrates the multiple ways in which zoomorphic images were used as interpretative keys both in the formation of Deborah and Huldah stories in the Hebrew Bible and in their subsequent versions. In a constant process of interaction with their cultural contexts, such zoomorphism represents an attempt to define the rabbinic beliefs about the role of women in Jewish tradition but also about the nature of God. Scheuer argues that the symbolic association of bees and weasels with asexual conception and birth made the zoomorphic slurs about Deborah and Huldah effective also as an argument against the doctrine of virgin birth in early Christianity. Emphasizing the foundational process of constant negotiation of traditions and textual interpretations, Scheuer exposes the culturally rich and religiously competitive world in which the biblical texts were transmitted.
Blazenka Scheuer is associate professor of Hebrew Bible Studies / Old Testament Exegesis at the Centre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University.
Introduction Chapter One: Deborah, Huldah, and the Formation of Zoomorphic Slurs Part One: Deborah Chapter Two: Deborah: A Bee or a Wasp? Chapter Three: Deborah in the Jewish Diaspora Chapter Four: Deborah and the Question of a Female Divine Part Two: Huldah Chapter Five: Huldah: A Weasel-Prophetess Chapter Six: Huldah and the Question of Interpretive Authority Part Three: Deborah, Huldah, and Virgin Mary Chapter Seven: Deborah, Huldah, and the Virgin Mary Chapter Eight: Concluding Remarks
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